Media sends unhealthy signals to young women Free Essays

Media imparts unfortunate signs to young ladies Every young lady has seen a lady in the media stick flimsy, sun kissed, jealousy of the manner in which she looks â€Å"perfect†. Ladies that are put on TV, a magazine or commercials is at last phony with Photos, cosmetics and plastic medical procedure. This is a hazardous impression of excellence which has brought about a decrease in self-acknowledgment. We will compose a custom exposition test on Media imparts undesirable signs to young ladies or then again any comparative point just for you Request Now Numerous young ladies any age battle with their picture accepting that they are not slim enough, their hair isn't sufficiently long, or even they accept that they are monstrous. I accept that the social generalization of magnificence ought to return to the ass’s. Self-acknowledgment and confidence is perhaps the greatest issue for young ladies who accept that they are not delightful. A high level Of young ladies who don't think they are slender enough go to the extraordinary of anorexia, bulimia or even eating regimen pills at a youthful age. A state of mind that they will live with for the remainder of their carries on with, the future for those with this psychological sickness is extremely short due to the absence of supplements. Ladies that are models will even hesitantly eat, a model at size 4, is viewed as fat while the normal of America is size 14, in the ass’s the normal size was 1. Numerous young lady will even change their appearance to â€Å"mold† their self to be great. Generally well known right now is the perfect for long hair so young ladies will purchase hair expansions that could cost up to $300. A few young ladies will purchase shaded contacts for the ideal blue eyes. Pretty much every young lady who frantically needs to be flawless will go through a long time on their cosmetics, unfortunately I am liable of this before school I will wake up more than two hours early to prepare. Others will get phony nails, counterfeit eyelashes, and self-leather experts. A young lady could totally change the way that they nutcase and still not be content with their appearance. In the ass’s thin was not lovely, a ton of cosmetics was not excellent, yet what is wonderful? Certainty? Certainty is something I accept that each young lady ought to have it is a significant thing that assists with experiencing childhood in to a lady. Models are an exceptionally little lion's share of America that is mass created in the media of what young lady accept to be what they ought to resemble. Media had an enormous debasing effect on young lady all over the place. The most effective method to refer to Media imparts undesirable signs to young ladies, Papers

The Concept of Sex Appeal and Its Influence on the Consumer Essay Example for Free

The Concept of Sex Appeal and Its Influence on the Consumer Essay Progressively unpredictable factors, for example, certainty and the individual understanding of the individual’s excellence/engaging quality may give us more knowledge into the basic mental and sociological buying examples of today’s buyer. The direct research for this point will be completed with a poll planned and made by the individuals from the gathering and from that point each part will be dealt with and broke down commonly. Many inquiry why sex request is utilized so every now and again in publicizing, failing to become an obsolete marvel of the past like such a significant number of different strategies. The investigation of shopper conduct is particularly associated with the zone of brain research. Not many individuals realize that when being exposed to publicizing they might be affected on a far more noteworthy scale then they would ever envision. The principal angle which must be mulled over is sex. In our current modernized lives where endurance is a word utilized less often, many disregard the urges people have acquired more than a great many years. Abraham Maslow’s chart of the chain of command of requirements shows the positioning of necessities for human endurance, â€Å"The premise of Maslows hypothesis is that individuals are spurred by unsatisfied needs†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Anon, 2007) It is seen that once a human satisfies a need, he at that point advances to the following level to eventually endeavor to arrive at the last level which is self completion. The primary level arrangements with physiological necessities which incorporates breathing, nourishment, water, rest, homeostasis, discharges and to wrap things up, sex. This drive people have, which assumes a principal job in endurance, can help legitimize why promoting specialists use sex request as an imperative part in publicizing their items. With this important information, promoting experts can arrive at their objective clients on an inner mind level. The utilization of sex can be contrasted with stun promotions, for example, those in against smoking or weight crusades. Regarding advertising, all exposure can be helpful to the organization so the fundamental target is to stun. Kandarp Baxi, the records executive for Chase promoting states the accompanying about the utilization of sex claim; â€Å"There is little that the item is offering that is not quite the same as others. At the point when mechanical separation is neither observable nor seemingly perpetual, you have to improve the elusive experience. Set forth plainly, the endeavor is to situate them to shock† (Seth, 2005). Studies have demonstrated that sex in promoting can create sentiments of satisfaction, hazard taking and delight every alluring attribute for the wholesaler of the item. During an examination at Stanford University, a gathering of male understudies were approached to take a gander at uncovering sexual pictures of ladies and were then offered cash to bet with on an arbitrary possibility game. Either a dollar or a dime could be won, however the possibility of winning was consistently the equivalent. The men who had taken a gander at provocative pictures were bound to make more noteworthy budgetary dangers then the individuals who were indicated impartial pictures (office supplies) or startling pictures (snakes and creepy crawlies) which for the most part gambled less. Brian Knutson, a clinician at Stanford communicates â€Å"its about the intensity of feeling and excitement and our budgetary decisions†¦ What truly matters is that the attractive lady is having an enthusiastic effect. That seeps over into your money related choices. (Borenstein, 2008) I’m sure many have encountered the need to purchase when they are miserable. This realism is progressively conspicuous in purchasers with lower confidence. Individuals that don't feel decidedly about themselves are commonly progressively unreliable and along these lines attempt to fill this vacancy in their lives with items. Sex bid in publicizing can contrarily affect the shopper which needs fearlessness as the excessively styled pictures of wonderful and exotic faces serve as an enticement. The more miserable one is, the more one will rely upon items and buyable products to facilitate this self uncertainty. An examination directed by specialists from the college of Illinois and Minnesota expressed that â€Å"By the time kids arrive at early youthfulness, and experience a decrease in confidence, the stage is set for the utilization of material belongings as an adapting methodology for sentiments of low self-esteem. (Sato, 2007). The article likewise clarifies that a great deal as far as cultural satisfaction has changed in the course of recent years, â€Å"Yet as social orders become more extravagant, they don't get more joyful. Actually, the First World has more sadness, more liquor abuse and more wrongdoing than fifty years back. † Along with the need to win more to have the option to devour m ore comes a scope of issues which utilize the customer as their practical objective. Habitual shopping is a turmoil constantly influencing shaky customers. This affliction was found by German therapist, Emil Krapelin and is â€Å"characterised by a compelling desire to purchase things that are either unneeded or unwanted†¦most urgent purchasers are young ladies who spend over the top sums on dress, shoes and cosmetics. † (Andreasen Et. Al, 2006) Here one can distinguish that these influenced have self low regard as they are buying mass measures of items that have been structured and made to build the physical appearance of the customer. It is expected that between 1. what's more, 2% of our populace are influenced by this issue (Day, 1997) University of London therapist Kevin Gourney found that â€Å"63 percent of individuals with a shopping issue went on a binge when they felt depressed† (Day, 1997) When depicting why a large portion of urgent shopping victims are ladies he accused promoting procedures â€Å"They are additionally deluged with publicizing for garments, beauty care products and perfumes†. Andreas en. N, Black. D (2006) Introductory Textbook of Psychiatry, American Psychiatric Pub. Inc, pp. 360

Describe What Is Love Offspring, Achievements - 1100 Words

Describe What Is Love: Offspring, Achievements (Essay Sample) Content: WHAT IS LOVE. A mother's only wish is to see her offspring achieve the best that she never even had.It Bertha got used to a life of partying, drinking and going for late night raves.She hanged out with wrong friends who were wild like her .Here was to the campus life,here was to the freeworld and the forbidden fruits that were sweetest.They drank their immature worries away.Life was good or so she thought until Bertha got her second year end of semester results ,which she had totally failed.It was growing and couldn't be hidden,she was pregnant. Bertha's friends turned to strangers,they deserted her.Family was all she got but shame was all she felt. She couldn't face them no matter how much she tried. "Bertha! You have dissapointed me! All along I thought I raised you well. Its a pity you never learnt,"her father furiously said. Bertha had made a lot of irrational decisions in her life,but this one was just crazy. One dark and cold night,she left a note by her bed t hat read she had left never to come back and that she was sorry. Why would she leave at her state? Homeless as she was,Bertha took the next bus to the slums of Kibera from the lucrative streets of Karen in Nairobi. The irony of life. She was welcomed by the foul smell of three week old sewage.Bertha knew definitely that she wo 'Dawn,please open the door for me, its Bertha',she said whilst standing in the cold darkness. She knocked a couple of times and just as she was about to give up,fumbling of the door from inside gave her hope.'Bertha, is that you?',a shreel voice said from inside the half finished servants quarter. She opened the door halfway to prove it wasn't one of her frequent fraudsters but when she saw Bertha and that she was expectant,she couldn't even speak but let her in. The long stories of their ups and downs were narrated to each other in turns,Dawn let Bertha sleep on her mattress that was her bed on the floor,while she watched her sleep for a few hours.A friend in need,is a friend indeed. Junior,now four and free as could be came home to his mother Bertha expecting love,kisses and hugs but this time,he was disciplined because his clothes were tattered and dirty.Bertha did not take it lightly,after all,spear the road,spoil the child. He cried and cried and still went back to his mother looking as innocent as a newborn puppy. That's how junior got to learn his first few lessons from his mother. Indeed life in the slums was not so easy, the three of them as a family ate leftovers and couldn't even afford bread in the morning,but Bertha as able as she was managed to pay for Junior's school fee through the potatoes she fried and sold out on the street.Many supported her not only for the delicious delicacies she made,but also her humility of late. Bertha's family's posters of their missing child were already old and tattered and she got used to seeing her face on every pole in the street, but at some point,all this stress would get to her head. Th rough the struggle of the years,Bertha got salvation at a local area church and took her son to be baptised,now at his legal age,as a first year in The University of Nairobi. She knew passed all odds that her son would change their state of living but the worst came to the worst. Junior suffered from kidney failure... The last thing on Bertha's mind was to seek help from her parents. She begged on the streets,went to church to plead for grants but the kind support was not enough to cater for her sons hospital bill. Junior urgently needed a kidney transplant and due to the feeble resources at the clinic,Junior was supposed to be moved to Kenyatta Hospital where they could adequately tend to him.But who would give their kidney to save Junior? Bertha had put all her money into Junior's healthcare. She did not even have fare to commut...

Technology And Management Of Masafi - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1562 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Masafi is the leading producer of beverages like pure natural mineral water, juices, and other drinking articles in the gulfs. It was established in the year 1976 which is having a paid-up capital of around five and a half million dollars it is a unique brand which has been holding the market for the past 29 years. Masafi has now become the generic name for mineral and bottled drinks around the entire reign. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Technology And Management Of Masafi" essay for you Create order Due to its pure and natural freshness in the products Masafi has gained the fame of producing world class products. Masafi wants to gain the leadership of the entire market by increasing the quality of its products to some more extend which will further increase its quantity by the process of continuous innovative marketing, reinvestment and marketing. Masafi is about family; about the natural goodness in this precious world; about well-being, so ultimately the purpose of masafi is to provide nourishment for the present time and also in the future. Masafi contains a total of 51 percent market share in Dubai and 46 percent market share of United Arab Emirates. Masafi exports its product to Japan, Europe, Asia and Africa. It is a kind of brand which has always looked towards future for excellence and strategies and still many of its projects are in the pipeline for future launching of its unique products. Masafi is holding the record of being the first natural mineral water manufacturi ng company of United Arab Emirates to receive the NFS certificate by the NFS international. The masafi plant can manufacture more than 120,000 bottles in an hour. It is equipped with its own testing lab for water analysis. Masafi has always performed its role to the welfare of the environment very seriously thats why these days recyclable bottles are being produced by the company. In its history of 28 years masafi has supported and sponsored many international events held in Dubai which has proven to increase the visibility of its brands in local region, even regionally and even at international level. Even it has won many prices for its eco-friendly bottles and its supreme quality drinks. (Masafi Products) over view of the retail presence in U.A.E: Not only its quality but also the sales of the company is also increasing day by day to its tremendous quality which is increasing day by day and is one of the most important cause of increase in the number of the customers. Masafi is the market leader for beverages in United Arab Emirates. Since ruling in this market has made to pass almost more than 20 years and now it has holded the markets of other countries also. Besides being the leading product that delivers to the consumers need and necessity, its portfolio contains tissues, mineral water, masafi flavored water, masafi juices, and masafi potato chips. Its mineral water comes in the bottles of 300ml, 500ml, 1 liter, 1.5 liter. Its four gallon bottles are recyclable and are only for one time use. Its flavored drinks are available in UAE in five flavors like jasmine, mint, strawberry, and lemon and peach. The juices of masafi contain no preservatives, no artificial sweetener, and no added sugar and are 101% natural in taste an d manufacture. Masafi has shown a tremendous growth of around 17 percent in its companys net profit. Not only this masafi is known to be the only in gulf and the third party certifier for the boiled water. As per the rise in the companys profit the revenue of the company has also increased to a total of 230 to 275 million YTD recorded till date. connection between the company and its stores: It is the policy or can say the prior need of the company to have a good relation between the company and its outlets or the stores. Almost all of the beverages stores in Dubai or in almost all of the Emirates have maximum products of this company its all due to its extreme sales and that is due to the quality of the product which is improving day by day. As per the researches done by the Emirates research center the increasing product sale of the company is at an extreme rate it needs to show certain changes or can say improvement in its production speed so as to make up with its sales ratio. As per the internet sources the company is growing with 40% ratio every 10 years. As per the records of the sales of beverages of masafi it sells around more than one lack of mineral bottles per day and around 12,000 bottles of juices per day including the sales reports from all its retail stores. The best example for the services of this company can be taken from one of the most famous and w ell known scandals of this company where the company received some complains from its customers about the visible impurity in the bottles of this company as soon as the company heard this in no time all the bottles form all the outlets and the retail stores were backed by the company in no time and even in a day or two these infected bottles were exchanged by the fresh ones thus this shows the activeness and the sincerity of the company which increased its reputation among the retail outlets and even its customers. Thus all these activities have made the company even more firms in its decisions. (Masafi Co. LLC., 1996) operational decisions: The increasing market of the company has made the company to think about how to control its increasing positions because although it is difficult to reach at the top but it is more difficult to maintain the same position further after. Thus the company has started to work hard on its zero stock outs and its on time delivery of orders. At present the maturity level of the company is not enough to give such feed backs so company has to bring some changes in its administrative level it has to adopt certain means or new policies in the company so as to bring the desired outputs. The company should open at least two more factories in certain other parts of the country where the company takes a lot of time to make reach its goods this will not only make the transportation easy but the most important reason for this is to tackle the increasing pressure on its older factory which is now finding difficulties in carrying the loads of the market and due to this problem only the on time del ivery of goods is not possible so this attempt will decrease the pressure and will solve the problem for the on time delivery of the goods and the nearer factories will save the transportation coasts also leading to the more profit for the company Secondly, the company should organize every year few meeting or just an annual meet for its employees and the owners of the various outlets and the retailers. There the company can discuss how to do their remaining journey together so as to maintain their profit there they can also discuss about their problems for the policy of zero stock out as if the outlet owners will show active participation in this the problems can be solved for no zero stock outs Learning from the other foreign countries and their way of preventing zero stock outs by the means of online connections of the company with its outlets and the retailers where the company is connected online by all the outlets in it all the data of sold items is maintained so decreas e in any of the product will be fulfilled by the company before The company should opt for the target system like the retailer or the outlet owner who has maintained zero-stock out will be given a special hamper like a car or certain costly items which will influence the owners to keep a record of its brought and sold items which will avoid zero stock outs. Special goods delivery team should be made so as to act or respond on the orders of the outlets quickly for this the company should make new recruitments of the locals of that area who are well aware of all the ways. So these small decisions will fulfill the dreams for zero stock out and the on time delivery of the companys products analysis: All the informations mentioned above were really not as easy to find as they look almost all the sites of masafi were visited and the required facts about the company were taken for the processing, not only this all the facts present on internet were squeezed and informations were taken out even a ten minutes meeting was also organized with the regional manager of the company which cleared many of our doubts. The reason for quoting the above mentioned lines were that the distribution of the companys product is increasing and so the sales should also thus its number of factories should increase. Due to the increasing benefits of the company has made the employees irresponsible so annual meetings should be organized before a setback to the company again. Due to the increasing stores and factories and work the staff should also increase else increase of work load will decrease the performance of the employees. So all these efforts will surly fulfill the dreams of the company for ze ro-stock outs and the on time delivery of products.

Education Career And Board Essay - 867 Words

ï€ ­ Education, Career, Board Affiliations Nicole Weinstein is a consultant/teacher, currently working as an â€Å"Application Coach,† assisting students with the written parts of their college, independent school and graduate school application essays. She’s been part of the faculty or adjunct faculty of St. Josephs College, Hunter College High School and Brooklyn Technical High School. Nikki started her career at CBS News as a writer and has contributed written pieces and commentary to NPR, on everything from mock rockers to real rockers, travel to urban bird watching. After graduating from Kenyon College, she moved to New York City, and was a writer and editor for Timeout magazine. In 2001, she quit her job at Timeout to begin freelance†¦show more content†¦(NOTE-although it appears that Nikki was active with KCA in the mid 2000’s, it’s not known if she continues to be active with the group today. There is no available information about her supporting KCA, or serving on its board of directors. Nikki is married to Samuel â€Å"Sam† Simmons, a television writer and producer who’s held positions at MTV, the Al Roker Entertainment, Spike TV and Viacom (TV Land, Nick at Nite and Nickelodeon). Sam is currently Director of Program Development at MSG Networks, which owns and operates two regional sports and entertainment networks – MSG Network (MSGN) and MSG+. In April 2017, MSG Network executive chair, James Dolan, announced that the company was looking to† sell itself,† possibly to Verizon or ATT, which are both looking to increase their content. No further information about the sale is available. (Note although MSGN is a public company Sam Simmons is not an SEC Insider, required to disclose his shares. However, as an employee of the company, he may own at least some shares of its stock which as of 7/6/2017 is trading at $22.3165 a share, and is expected to increase if the MSGN sale goes through). - Philanthropy o Nikki is President and Director of the Aline and Leo Jacobsohn Foundation. The foundation’s other five directors are all extended Jacobsohn family and include David A Jacobsohn, Tania Jacobsohn Koolik, a clinical psychologist living in Delray Beach, Ilan NShow MoreRelatedShould Everyone Undertake University887 Words   |  4 PagesASSIGNMENT: REFERENCED ESSAY TITTLE: EDUCATION TOPIC 1: SHOULD EVERYONE BE REQUIRED TO UNDERTAKE A UNIVERSITY EDUCAtion DATE: 6 JANUARY 2013 In modern life, many students choose to enter university or college after they have graduated high school because higher education is a good environment to prepare for their future. 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Causes & Effects of MDR-TB for Tuberculosis and Resistance

Question: Discuss about theCauses Effects of MDR-TB for Tuberculosis and Resistance. Answer: Abstract MDR-TB is the short form of Multi Drug Resistant TB. As the name suggests, MDR-TB is a specific condition where someone becomes resistant to TB drugs. There are basically two primary TB drugs. These are the isoniazid (INH), and the other one is rifampicin (RMP). When someone is said to be resistant to TB drugs, it means that these two drugs can no longer alleviate the conditions. There is always a strong assumption of drug resistance, especially where a person had a history of treatment failures or just a halted treatment. Keywords: Tuberculosis, Resistance, MDR-TB, Isoniazid, Rifampicin Causes Effects of MDR-TB MDR-TB is a tuberculosis resistance conditions that develop as a high-level non-response to the two drugs, the isoniazid, and rifampicin. Currently, Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the major infectious which is causing the global mortality. Many believe that nonadherence to the treatment and is the main cause of MDR-TB. Despite that, there has never been a sound reason as to why patients result to nonadherence. Causes of MDR-TB There are mainly three causes of MDR-TB. Some of these are the errors in the medical field, basic microbiology, and patient non-compliance (Gnther et al., 2016). Fundamental microbiology is concerned more with microbiological adaptations. That is the evolving nature of the living organism. Gagneux, (2012) states that bacterial pathogens evolve in the human hosts and there is nothing that can prevent such development. However, people can correct the medical errors and encourage patient compliance to prevented the adaptation. In medical science, pathogens acquire drug resistance from particular genetic mutations. This modification enables them to withstand the presence of their counterpart drugs. In social science, the failure to prescribe correct drug regimen to the patient, or their non-compliance with the required drug plan allows TB pathogens to acquire drug-resistant mutation (Thomas et al., 2016). Therefore, access to accurate public health services and effective chemotherapy is one paramount factor for the reduction of MDR-TB epidemics (Banin, Hughes Kuipers, 2017). Lack of awareness and proper TB treatment is a significant factor for the expansion of MDR-TB. This claim is evident in the wrong consumption of the accessible anti-TB drugs and DOTS (Directly Observed Treatment Short Course). The study of (Trauner, Borrell, Reither Gagneux, 2014) discovered that limited knowledge of TB treatment chemotherapeutic procedures due to improper medical training. Studies show that this could also have had a great impact on the spread of MDR-TB because poorly trained health providers cause the wrong prescription. Consumers non-compliance with TB drug treatment plan is another determinant to the expansion of MDR-TB cases. Medical noncompliance can also be blamed to patients' the lack of awareness regarding TB disease. A study by (Desai, Jain, Solanki Dikshit, 2014) discovered that lack of adequate patient counseling led to the lack of the understanding of the necessity to adhere to the medical plan. Also, another possible cause of patients noncompliance is the economic factors. For instance, (Thomas et al., 2016) found that despite the free anti-TB drugs from the government, some patients with pulmonary TB might face some financial problems paying for supplementary examinations. They might also be unable to pay for other drugs for dealing with severe TB drug side effects. Further, the TB-drugs regimen of the prolonged taking of multiple drugs proves difficult for some patients to adhere. Furthermore, there are limited practical public health standards, if any, for managing those TB patients who have acquired the infection of MDR while still going through the regular anti-TB treatment (Thomas et al., 2016). There is a possibility of the spread of MDR-TB strain from the emerging MDR-TB patients. In case such a thing happens, it causes the health services to deal with a case of new TB patients coming with MDR-TB instead of the standard TB. Effects of MDR-TB Managing MDR-TB is more involved than managing the regular TB. MDR-TB requires intravenous administration which is less efficient and more toxic when compared with the conventional TB drugs treatment. MDR-TB cases have high mortality, and treatment takes an extended period. As a result, patients and their families suffer loss of employment, social isolation, long-term psychological and socioeconomic effects. Economic Effects of Treatment Some employers are intolerant to low performance, sick leaves, and missed work days. As a result, they can choose to terminate the contract based on lack of substantial performance at work which creates a huge loss of income (Wingfield et al., 2016). If not terminating the contract, they may wait for the end of the tenure of the contract and refuse to renew it with the patient. Also, some choose to reduce the patients salary. On the other hand, some patients are so weak to continue working, or they may be unable to work due to the effects of MDR-TB drugs (Laurence, Griffiths Vassall, 2015). Due to lack or minimized financial income, patients result to seeking financial support from family members or friends. Psychological Effects MDR-TB patients feel hopelessness and fearful. Sometimes, MDR-TB is even unavailable, and some patients cannot afford to pay. Patients also have a fear of death or affecting their family members with the disease (Khanal et al., 2017). Many patients also become distressed with the new style of living. MDR-TB treatment changes someone sleeping arrangements. Patients also eat alone, and they are not able to remain close to their friends or relatives. These outcomes make patients feel depressive and invaluable (Khanal et al., 2017). However, this only happens to some patients as others from understanding families do not experience isolation. In (Laurence, Griffiths Vassall, 2015), the study finds that the economic effects of MDR-TB discussed above as causes of physiological effects such as stress and anxiety. Social Effects of Diagnosis and Treatment Every MDR-TB suffers an impact to his or her social life from the onset of diagnosis and in the endurance of the treatment (van Hoorn, Jaramillo, Collins, Gebhard van den Hof, 2016). Patients change in the way they interact with other, the way they perceive themselves and the onset of the inability to stay contributing in usual social activities. Stigma also arises from misunderstanding and social disapproval of the patients characteristics and the beliefs and norms of the culture (Cremers et al., 2015). For instance, patients also suffer discrimination and from family and friends who think MDR-TB is contagious even while in the open air. Even after a determination that MDR-TB is non-infectious, family and friends still consider patients as unsafe. Conclusion MDR-TB has now become a global problem. Most notable instances are resulting from two cases. Either from the physician mistakes or lack of patients compliance with the susceptible TB treatment procedures. There is a great need to educate patients on the risk of non-compliance, and also implement effective methods of countering physician mistakes of the wrong prescription. References Gagneux, S. (2012). Host-pathogen coevolution in human tuberculosis.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences,367(1590), 850859. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0316 Trauner, A., Borrell, S., Reither, K., Gagneux, S. (2014). Evolution of Drug Resistance in Tuberculosis: Recent Progress and Implications for Diagnosis and Therapy.Drugs,74(10), 10631072. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40265-014-0248-y Jain, K., Desai, M., Solanki, R., Dikshit, R. K. (2014). Treatment outcome of standardized regimen in patients with multidrug resistant tuberculosis.Journal of Pharmacology Pharmacotherapeutics,5(2), 145149. https://doi.org/10.4103/0976-500X.130062 Wingfield, T., Tovar, M., Huff, D., Boccia, D., Montoya, R., Ramos, E. et al. (2016). The economic effects of supporting tuberculosis-affected households in Peru. European Respiratory Journal, 48(5), 1396-1410. https://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00066-2016 Laurence, Y., Griffiths, U., Vassall, A. (2015). Costs to Health Services and the Patient of Treating Tuberculosis: A Systematic Literature Review. Pharmacoeconomics, 33(9), 939-955. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40273-015-0279-6 Gnther, G., Lange, C., Alexandru, S., Altet, N., Avsar, K., Bang, D. et al. (2016). Treatment Outcomes in Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis. New England Journal Of Medicine, 375(11), 1103-1105. https://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmc1603274 Thomas, B., Shanmugam, P., Malaisamy, M., Ovung, S., Suresh, C., Subbaraman, R. et al. (2016). Psycho-Socio-Economic Issues Challenging Multidrug Resistant Tuberculosis Patients: A Systematic Review. PLOS ONE, 11(1), e0147397. https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0147397 Khanal, S., Elsey, H., King, R., Baral, S., Bhatta, B., Newell, J. (2017). Development of a Patient-Centred, Psychosocial Support Intervention for Multi-Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB) Care in Nepal. PLOS ONE, 12(1), e0167559. https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0167559 van Hoorn, R., Jaramillo, E., Collins, D., Gebhard, A., van den Hof, S. (2016). The Effects of Psycho-Emotional and Socio-Economic Support for Tuberculosis Patients on Treatment Adherence and Treatment Outcomes A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLOS ONE, 11(4), e0154095. https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0154095 Cremers, A. L., de Laat, M. M., Kapata, N., Gerrets, R., Klipstein-Grobusch, K., Grobusch, M. P. (2015). Assessing the Consequences of Stigma for Tuberculosis Patients in Urban Zambia. PLoS ONE, 10(3), e0119861. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0119861 Cremers, A. L., de Laat, M. M., Kapata, N., Gerrets, R., Klipstein-Grobusch, K., Grobusch, M. P. (2015). Assessing the Consequences of Stigma for Tuberculosis Patients in Urban Zambia. PLoS ONE, 10(3), e0119861. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0119861

Jennifer Walshe free essay sample

A Background Jennifer Walsh, a Dublin born girl in 1974, has made quite the name for herself as an artist. She dabbles in many many types of art form. She is a singer, a composer, a vocalist, an experimenter and much more. She studied composition with John Maxwell Geodes at the Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama, Kevin Violas in Dublin and graduated from Northwestern University, Chicago, with a doctoral degree in composition in June 2002. Her chief teachers at Northwestern were Mammon Holman and Michael Poplar.Jennifer has won many prizes Including, the Characterless Mackerels, Praetors Music Prize and a grant from the Foundation for Contemporary Arts, New York. She has also completed many residencies in places such as: In Context 3, Foundation, DAD Berliner K;nongovernmental. Snifters work has been performed and broadcast all over the world by ensembles such as Alter Ego, ensemble rcreche, the National Symphony Orchestra of Ireland, Orchestra Significant del Theatre La Fence, Schoolmistresses Kaleidoscope, Ensemble Resonant, Apartment House, ensemble Nitgrades, Nine Vocalists Stuttgart. We will write a custom essay sample on Jennifer Walshe or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

Freud and Maslows theory of motivation will be discussed as explanations of consumer behaviour Essays

Freud and Maslows theory of motivation will be discussed as explanations of consumer behaviour Essays Freud and Maslows theory of motivation will be discussed as explanations of consumer behaviour Paper Freud and Maslows theory of motivation will be discussed as explanations of consumer behaviour Paper It is the differences within people that make life interesting. However, the diversity in human behaviour often causes us to overlook the fact that people are really very much alike. It is these similarities that serve to explain consumer behaviour, and psychologists would suggest that most people tend to experience the same kinds of needs and motives, but simply express these motives in different ways. (Shiffman Kanuk 1994:93) Freud and Maslows theory of motivation will be discussed as explanations of consumer behaviour. Motivation is the basic concept in all human and consumer behaviour. It is described as the driving force within individuals that impels them to action, (Shiffman Kanuk 1994:94) this driving force is produced by a state of uncomfortable tension, which exists as a result of an unsatisfied need. Thus, behaviour is the need to reduce the tension to bring about a more comfortable state. One theory in motivation of human behaviour is based on internal instincts and drives that are mainly innate physiological processes. (Evans, Moutinho Raaij 1997:21) Sigmund Freud was one of the father figures of the study of personality, and gave us the notion of an unconscious element to our thinking. : He developed the Psychoanalytic theory, in which the personality consisted of three interacting parts the id, ego and superego. The id, which acts in the unconscious mind, is the infantile part of the personality. It is present from birth, and is dominated by all-impulsive drives. Thirst, hunger, and sex are the physiological needs of the individual in which immediate gratification must be sought I want it and I want it now! In an adult, these tensions maybe experienced with the inability to identify the source. (Glassman 1995:192) Opposing the demands of the id is the superego. This is a conscious drive that restraints or inhibits the impulsive forces of the id. It is the conscience, and represents the moral demands of family and society. Mediating between the demands of the id and the moral requirements of the superego is the ego. The ego is the individuals conscious control that includes our self-image. Its function is to balance the impulsive demands of the id and the sociocultural constraints of the superego, the way in which it does so, is what determines behaviour. An important part of Freuds theory was the notion that the id, ego and superego are in frequent conflict with one another. Because the ids demand for instant gratification clashes with the superegos standards of moral behaviour, results in the individual experiencing anxiety. So the ego is left to spend most of the time trying to resolve these conflicts. Thus defending itself using a number of defence mechanisms. (Gross Mcilveen 1998:569) An alternative to Freuds psychoanalytic theory is offered from a humanistic approach. In contrast, the humanistic approach is not a theory of personality, but instead looks at individuals as interpreters of themselves. Their behaviour is understood in terms of their own experiences. (Gross Mcilveen 1998:15) Abraham Maslow was concerned with viewing the person as a whole, and not just single innate responses as Freud had done. Although he was influenced by psychoanalysis, he believed in free will and that people had the ability to choose how they behaved, and so were not driven by unconscious forces beyond their control as Freud suggests. Thus, Maslow became disillusioned with innate influences and therefore rejected the determinism of Freud. (Glassman 1995:247) Again, in contrast to Freuds theory, Maslow saw a whole constellation of needs that could influence consumer behaviour. This behaviour was motivated by the conscious desire for personal growth; and was not a result of unconscious drives for bodily pleasure as Freud suggested. (Gross Mcilveen 1998:142) Maslow recognised the complexity of motivation, and sought to describe it in terms of a hierarchy of needs a ladder of motivation. Maslows theory proposes five basic levels of human needs, which rank in order of importance. At the bottom of the hierarchy are the basic physiological needs such as food, water, air, shelter, clothing and sex. When these needs are unfulfilled, nothing else matters. This level has echoes of Freuds psychoanalysis; the id would represent these physiological needs. After the first level needs are satisfied, safety and security needs become the driving force behind the individuals behaviour. These needs refer to physical safety such as freedom from danger, and psychological safety such as stability, routine and control over ones life and environment. Health can also be seen as a safety concern. When these needs are being met, one begins to focus on social needs, the need for love, affection and belonging, and assuming these needs are fulfilled, then the individual will go on and experience esteem needs. This level is concerned with egoistic needs that can take either an inward or an outward orientation, or even both. Self-acceptance, esteem and success are all examples of inwardly directed ego needs. Whereas reputation, status and recognition can all be seen as examples of outwardly directed ego needs. According to Maslow, most people do not satisfy their ego needs sufficiently to ever move to the fifth level of self-actualisation. Maslow believed that few people achieve this level because most are stalled along the way by insurmountable social or environmental barriers. (Gross Mcilveen 1998:143) But it remains a goal to strive for and could be one of the most significant motivators of all, the need to fulfil ones potential to become everything one is capable of becoming. The way, in which these needs are expressed, will differ from person to person. In summery, Maslows five level hierarchy suggests that higher-order needs become the driving force behind human behaviour as lower-level needs are satisfied. In effect, it is saying that it is dissatisfaction that motivates behaviour. Whereas Freud believes that satisfaction and gratification are the driving force behind motivation. Although both theories are widely thought of, both theories have been widely criticised. Freud was criticised for being deterministic. He suggested that all behaviour is determined, and that people are driven by unconscious forces beyond their control. (Gross Mcilveen 1998:14) Therefore neglects the concept of free will suggested by Maslow. Free will he implied, was just an illusion. (Gross Mcilveen 1999:46) Maslow was also criticised. Shiffman and Kanuk (1994) said that Maslows concepts are too general and the problem with the theory is that it cannot be tested empirically. There is no way to measure precisely how satisfied one need must be before the next higher need becomes operative. p113) He was also criticised for the sample of people he chose. They exhibited the traits he hoped to find; therefore the process was biased. (Glassman 1995:255) Despite these criticisms, both theories have been useful tools for marketers and advertisers in understanding consumer behaviour. For those researchers who apply Freuds psychoanalytic theory to the study of consumer personality suggest the idea that human behaviour is ple asure seeking, and that the id is the source of energy, drive and motivation. As this source is unconscious, individuals are unaware of their true reasons for consuming the way they do, and so this concept is used as the basis for motivational research. They tend to focus on consumer purchases and/or consumption situations, treating them as a reflection and an extension of the individuals own personality. (Shiffman Kanuk 1994:130) In other words, how we look and what we wear reflects our personality. In advertising terms, Freud provides productive grounds for image making, suggesting that the products purchased will make the individual more popular, interesting or sexually attractive. Rice 1997:247) Although personality may be consistent, consumption behaviour often varies because of psychological, sociocultural, and environmental factors that affect behaviour. Thus, personality is only one of a combination of factors that influence how a consumer behaves. Maslows hierarchy of needs theory has been very useful in offering an understanding of consumer motivation. It is readily adaptable to marketing strategy, primarily because the goods one consumes often serve to satisfy each level of need. I. e. ne buys houses, food and clothing to satisfy physiological needs, locks and insurance for safety needs, almost all personal care products are bought to satisfy social needs, luxury products such as flash cars and jewellery etc are bought to fulfil ego needs, and college training and banking services are sold as ways to achieve self-fulfilment. (Schiffman Kanuk 1994:113) Although both theories have proved to be very influential in marketing and advertising, there has been no solid evidence to support either. Whether ones behaviour is innate, or a result of the outside world has proved to be the most contentious dispute in psychology.

Visitor Attraction Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Visitor Attraction Management - Essay Example This comparative essay will discuss the contradictory roles of these museums in forming the general perceptions of the people about the holocaust as both these museums provide the knowledge about the holocaust. This paper is divided in to two sections. The first section depicts the correlation between the evolving forms, functions ad role of the museum in explaining and remembering the past events. Specifically, this section will describe that how the holocaust has been explained through the layout, architecture, content and methodologies used in these museums. On the other hand, the second section of this paper identifies the issues specific to the portrayals of the holocaust as it outlines the difficulties encountered in the presentation of the pertinent ending to the holocaust and the problems related to the geographical and political context of the museum. 2. Reinvention, Representation and Public Perception of the Museum The contribution of the museum in developing the public pe rception of the holocaust (in the context of this essay) or any other historical event must be considered as the change in the perception and objective of the museum itself. In the nineteenth century, Michel Foucault recognized the concept of ‘heterotopia of time’ for the museum with the emergence of the idea that a place of all times should be developed that is actually outside time and thereby, preserved and secured from its destruction (Lord, 2006). Hence, the state run museum institution was formed at that time for the purpose of organizing a sort of permanent and infinite collection of time in a place that will not change or move (Grimes, 1999). Then the concept of museum transformed into the development of forms of representation of the past that are more socially responsive and inclusive rather than just being an ‘ivory tower of exclusivity’ (Anderson, 2004). The design, architecture, mediums and content of the museum were inspired by post-structural ism that includes the defiance from absolute truths in their representations of the history. In the era of post modernism, the concept of reality or truth is nothing more than a stuck pile of dead bodies, dead matter, and dead language (Walsh, 1992). Subsequently, the museums like the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum and the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum involve their audiences in self reflexive interaction in relation to the subjectivity of their experience and contribution of the audience and the curator towards the development of the historical knowledge (Crane, 1997). Both these museums objectively deny the general expectations of the museums and subvert the assumption that they can provide factual, unbiased and truthful knowledge related to the holocaust through easily understandable forms. 3. Auschwitz Memory and its Representations. Since 1947, Auschwitz-Birkenau is the State museum of the previous German Nazi Concentration Extermination Camp. It is known to be the w orld’s largest cemetery and the historical icon of the World War II that proves the Nazi genocide and reminds of the religious hatred between the Christians and the Jews of that time. This site provides great knowledge about the holocaust history and attracts mass tourism. There also used to be the times when the survivors of the Auschwitz dilemma and

Competency Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Competency - Assignment Example Then the key problem requiring to be solved is where the gap is. Does the problem lay in the soldier’s lack of effort, his/her inabilities, or is the training inadequate. A soldier’s qualification is dependable on certain elements, which are inclusive of the soldier, and determinant factors that surround him. The soldier’s attitude may affect his progress to realize top form. In addition, the environment and trainers input is essential. The principles governing the procedures will act as a measure of his progress. Action theory is applicable in this situation since the diligence of the soldier can be resultant of his belief system. This three-page essay is about learning cultures in the Army are introduced in the beginning of a soldier’s career. Training is the key characteristic of learning. Training increases morale, motivates a soldier to learn, creates order and discipline and enhances learning. In order to use training to its utmost potential military trainers, instructor’s and staff have to be familiar with policy and procedures, lessons plans and outlines. Policy and procedures keep soldiers fully aware of the proper way to train and the lesson and outlines keep the soldiers informed about what is expected and what will be taught in the training. I am now able to teach this to others. This activity taught me that an excellent way the produce a culture of learning in a training environment is to get leaders involved. Leaders’ involvement and input has improved training, increase morale, motivation, order and discipline as well as enhance learning. The first recommendation was that all leaders, soldiers, and NCOs sign letters of agreement to do everything possible to benefit the student’s academic advancement. Ensuring training enhances a culture of learning by making sure evaluations of all soldier training is done monthly. This will help you know if there are any

Literature as a Medium Which Conveys the Culture of the Target Language Essay Example for Free

Literature as a Medium Which Conveys the Culture of the Target Language Essay The purpose of this paper is to familiarize foreign language instructors with the effectiveness of using literature as a mean of bridging the cultural gap between students and the target language. It will also discuss how teaching literature can help students become more effective communicators in the target language and at the same time making them appreciate other cultures different from their own. This may lead to say that, one of the major functions of teaching literature in a foreign language classroom is to serve as a medium to transmit the culture of the target language of the people who speak the language in which it is written. Therefore, literary texts can offer to the students a colorful world that reflects the culture of the language community. As readers; students get engaged within these texts, they come to understand how the characters in such literary works experience life and how they speak and behave in different settings. However , the study of literature can be considered as a method in which students can dive into the cultural experience of the language throughout the imagery and metaphors mentioned in a given text, as Gray points out: â€Å" Students learn to see a world through another’s eye,observing human values , different kind of living and discovering that others live very different societies. they will understand and become broadly aware of the social,political,historical,cultural events happening in a given society. . The role of literature in language teaching Literature, when defined as a subject of study, is an activity that involves and uses language (O’Sullivan, 1991). Ganakumaran et al (2003) stated that it is also referred to as the big â€Å"L† that focuses on the literariness of a text. It is an example of language in use and a context for language use. Literature is seen as a medium in which students’ appreciation of different system language organizat ion can be developed. Therfore, studying literature, on the whole, may not be considered as a reaction but rather as an interaction between the reader , the writer and their cultures. From an other parameter ,the teaching of literature in foreign language classrooms is essential and can be used as a perfect instrument to stimulate and speed up the teaching and learning process Carter and Long (1991). In other words, literature contributes in helping the students to explore knowledge ,promote their literacy development and fosters their language proficiency. Also, literature may provide effective, attitudinal and experiential factors which will motivate students to read McKay (1982). As a matter of fact, Obeidat (1997) said that literature has much to offer than language would normally do, since it has greater freedom and since it acknowledges no linguistic barriers which could refrain our ability to use language. Therefore, it is undeniable that literature helps to improve students’ command of language and the ability to use it freely, not solely as a linguistic, but as a cultural, intellectual, social and psychological medium of expression. In terms of using literature to teach language, Brumfit and Carter (1986) asserted that literary texts not only can grip the reader’s imagination more strongly but they can also be promoted for the examination of language at work. Littlewood (2005) also observed that although such texts were predominantly valuable for developing reading skills, it could be exploited for purposes such as explaining grammar teaching and indicating various types of language usage. Since literary texts contain language intended for native speakers, literature stands as a model for language learners to become familiar with different forms and conventions (Collie and Slater, 1991). Containing real examples of grammatical structures and vocabulary items, the literary texts raise learners’ awareness of the range of the target language and advance their competence in all language skills (Povey, 1967). Second, using literature in language teaching has the advantage of providing cultural information about the target language. Literary texts increase foreign language learners’ insight into the country and the people whose language is being learnt (Collie and Slater, 1991), which fosters learners’ ability to interpret discourse in different social and cultural target language contexts (Savvidou, 2004). . Literature as an instruments that stimulates the knowledge of the culture Teaching literature stimulates the imagination of the students and develops their critical abilities by getting them involved in interpreting the different symbols and meanings found in the text. They become more productive and adventurous when they perceive the richness and diversity of the language. Therefore, it is vital if educators create a harmonious literary atmosphere ,they may enable their students to immerse themselves in the story by turning the classroom into a cultural island where students interact with the text, share different viewpoints about the settings, the style, the language. Researchers have recognized that the benefits of using literature in three core areas: First , literature is beneficial to language development( John and Louis, 1987; Morgan, 1998; Myonghee, 2004;Sage,1987); second, literature enhances the knowledge of ulture and society which is too complicated to be captured by any single piece of expository writing; Third, literature fosters critical thinking by offering readers multiple perspectives especially in books with issues such as immigration, cultural differences, social upheavals (Edmondson 1995/6). John Lye (2003) believed that literature captures the complexities of the human situation, illustrating (dramatically, imaginatively, compellin gly) the grounds and the meanings of values, and the nuances of our experiences. It also allows us imaginatively to inhabit the lives, the experiences, the meanings of others. Lye(2003) added that literature challenges the sentimentalization of values, and those distortions of values which serve the ends of the powerful, the opportunistic, and those who want only to serve their own desires ,from an other parameter, literature explores and reflects conflicts in the culture itself, conflicts in the values and ideas of the culture, the conflict of social groups (ethnic, racial, class, gender, religious and so forth), in addition to that ,it offers a sense of identity and community, by establishing and founding narratives which capture the essence of what typifies the culture or community, or by dramatizing those particular stories and images which give the culture a sense of common meaning and purpose. 4.  Applying literature and culture in language teaching classroom When it comes to learning a new language there can be no substitute for actually living in a country where this language is spoken. Besides, teaching literature does not mean ,limit students to take a passive role but to stimulate students to be engaged proactively within the target language. However, foreign language teachers can provide literary texts best by turning their literature classes into a community where students can engage themselves actively with the culture and the language they are studying and where the emphasis in class could be on ‘cultural experience rather than cultural awareness. As Duff and Maley point out, â€Å"literature offers universal themes which are relevant to students’ own experience,it is also a mirror that reflects and heightens each learner’s perception of the social world. Thus, literary texts are opened to multiple interpretations and interactions†. Students cannot remain passive if they are to interpret and understand what they are reading. They are placed â€Å"in an active interactional role in working with and making sense of the target language guided by the teacher, they have to actively participate and interact with each other. Literature and culture in foreign language teaching can provide linguistic and artistic elements and perspectives to students.  Through literature as well as culture, students could have the opportunity to establish a connection with the target language and realize that their own personal, social,cultural and historical contexts have been influenced by a foreign language and a foreign culture and how, in a symbiotic process, this other culture has been nourished. Culture, on the other hand, offers an interdisciplinary field that includes artistic discourses, social conventions, and reflexive impacts. It opens the door for students to increase their knowledge of the target culture as they can contemplate and critically comment on people’s way of life, values, attitudes, and beliefs, and regard how these elements can have an impact in linguistic categories and forms. Indeed,language found a soulmate in literature, and they are inserted in culture.

History of Herman Melville :: essays research papers

Herman Melville was born in New York City on August 1, 1819. He was the third child of eight. Herman went to school early in New York City. His dad used to travel a lot and used to tell him stories which sparked his love of adventure. His father was always on boats and told stories about the giant waves and the ships breaking like sticks. His father also enjoyed talking about Liverpool also, being that it was one of his father’s favorite places to visit. His father was an importer of French goods and became bankrupt and insane and he died when Melville was 12. When his dad died the family moved to a small town along the Hudson River and he stayed there until 1835 which is when he went to the Albany Classical School for a year or so. Herman’s mother was left alone to raise eight children. When Herman was 7 he had scarlet fever in and it left Melville with permanently weakened eyesight. Richard Henry Dana wrote a book called â€Å"Two Years Before the Mast†. That book was published in 1840, and was at once talked of everywhere. Melville must have read it at the time. The next year after he read it he once more signed up for a ship, and on January 1, 1841, sailed from New Bedford, Massachusetts harbor in the whaler Acushnet that was going for the Pacific Ocean and the sperm fishery. He didn’t leave much information as to the events of this time, but he may of wrote â€Å"Moby-Dick† because of this time. Melville decided to abandon the vessel when it got to the Marquesas Islands and when he was there he wrote â€Å"Typee† and its sequel, â€Å"Omoo†. After staying on the Marquesas Islands he shipped for Honolulu. He stayed there for four months and worked as a clerk. He joined a ship called which reached Boston and the continued stopping on the way at one of the Peruvian ports in 1844. While he was there he used his experiences to wr ite â€Å"White Jacket† Herman Melville married Elizabeth Shaw on August 4, 1847. This was the end of all his travels on ships. Herman Melville and his wife lived in New York City until 1850. In 1850 they bought a farmhouse at Pittsfield. Herman Melville stayed here for thirteen years and continued with his writing, and taking care of his.

Annotated Bib Gender Roles

Gender Roles in the Workplace: Annotated Bibliography Karissa Roveda Oakland University Rochester, MI Adler, M. A. (1994). Male-Female power differences at work: A comparison of supervisor and policymakers. Sociological Inquiry, 64(1), 37-55. This article spoke of the positions of power between men and women, and how policymakers and supervisors distribute that power to men and women. In the work place, when considering for advancement, employers have undefined criteria such as personality characteristics and potential managerial qualities.These standards become the cause of inequality in authority and power at work place. Jobs that are available for women have low wages and also less authority. Similar research studies have shown similar points, in that inequality is found at the workplace because of such gender based characteristics. Even though women were shown to be more educated, they do not follow the same status. The researcher in this study used methodology to find these ineq ualities at the work place. The study consisted of four data points to test and used 531 women and 619 men for this data.The author collected data for power in wage labor, employment, sample characteristics and occupation by education. The results showed that men achieve higher positions and also showed they have a higher chance at a supervisory level and more authority than women. In the workplace, gender is a major part of determining positions of power. Also, it shows that education is more important to get supervisor positions, which is less effective for women. This study demonstrates the inequality between men and women that makes men more prone to positions of power than women.The data and research clearly showed that women have greatly less access to positions of power and authority at work place than men, and that gender is the key factor in determining those positions. Policymakers and supervisors may indeed make regulations promoting equality but gender bias is still obvi ously exhibited. Carbonell, J. L. , & Castro, Y. (2008). The impact of a leader model on high dominant women’s self-selection for leadership. Sex Roles ,58,776-783. This study had women observe a leader model of either gender model a task they would have to complete. The study looked at effects of ender role model in the decision of high dominant women to be leaders, given a masculine task to complete with a male co-worker. The hypothesis states that women would become leaders at a higher rate when a woman model is given rather than a male. The research took a total of 190 students: 95 women and 95 men. Each individual was given the California Psychological Inventory, measuring: impression, communication, and dominance. This study looked at dominance in particular. Only 15 pairs were exposed to women models. The study observed 2 groups to support or reject their hypothesis.Focused groups were made of high dominant woman paired with a low dominant man with a female model, and high dominant woman paired with a low dominant man with a male model. A chi square analysis showed a correlation between leader model and leader development, â€Å"The results are that 60% of women took the leader role when given a woman model compared to 20% in male model† (Castro, 2008). The study concluded in the presence of a female model, high dominant individual would be the leader. The gender of the leader model did not affect leadership for males. I believe this study shows importance of woman leader models in professional fields.The lack of exposure of woman leaders for women reduces the chances that they will take on leadership roles. Katz, D. (1987). Sex discrimination in hiring: The influence of organizational climate and need for approval on decision making behavior. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 11(1), 11-20. Previous studies have caused the idea that equally skilled men and women are assessed unequally when applying for jobs. The present study observes the inf luence from different organizational workplaces or â€Å"the quality of an organization’s internal environment† (Katz, 1987), and society’s need for approval on the notion of biased employees decisions.The study sought out three main hypotheses, if an unfair organizational environment would influence people to hire a male applicant over an identical female applicant. Second, that in a workplace a male applicant would be ranked as a better fit and more likely to stay with the company longer than a female applicant. And third, that those subjects with a high need of approval would match more to the demands of job on the hire and salary assessments than lower approval motivation applicants. The study included 161 male undergrads enrolled in a business class.They were given a booklet which contained experimental materials necessary in controlling organizational workplace. They were also given either a female or male completed application and asked for their judgment s on an applicant’s suitability for the position. Results from the experiment showed that as initially expected, males were favored over females in the unfair environment. The results also showed that males were chosen as fitting significantly better than females, and that men were also offered higher salaries in the same conditions.In my opinion, the implications of this study can establish that the workplace can deeply influence the decisions of hiring workers and lead to gender bias. McTavish, D. , & Miller, K. (2009). Gender balance in leadership? Reform and modernization in the UK further education sector. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 37(3), 350-365. The research question that this article attempted to answer was â€Å"Why are few women advancing into leadership positions despite a large number of women being employed into the further education sector? † (McTavish & Miller, 2009).The further education sector employs a high proportion of wome n yet relatively few women progress into leadership positions. The article seeks to provide explanations for this gender imbalance and argues that despite change and modernization initiatives, the further education sector remains gendered in many aspects of leadership, governance and executive practices. The only major difference between male and female academics was that female academics were twice as given to apply for promotion if supported by their line manager, and male academics were twice as likely to apply if there was an opportunity to influence college power.Also female academics were twice as likely to apply if they were obtained feedback through their staff review. There are many conclusions that were drawn from this study. Reform and structural change have definitely led to a larger number of possibilities for women. Changes in organizational policy have led to a friendlier environment for females. Women have to adjust to masculine managerial styles, such as competitive ness. In addition, even though it appears that the reforms are creating gender balance, in reality; women are still going to their stereotypical roles such as teaching and lecturing.Meyerson, Debra E. , and Joyce K. Fletcher. â€Å"A Modest Manifesto for Shattering the Glass Ceiling. † Harvard Business Review (2000): 127-36. â€Å"Gender discrimination is now so deeply embedded in organizational life as to be virtually indiscernible. Even the women who feel its impact are often hard-pressed to know what hit them† (Meyerson & Fletcher, 127). The authors believe that the glass ceiling will be shattered â€Å"only through a strategy that uses small wins-incremental changes aimed at biases so entrenched in the system that they're not even noticed until they're gone† (Meyerson & Fletcher,128).The small wins approach to change was developed by Karl Weick. The authors emphasize that real and lasting change can be made by small changes, and that these small changes are not threatening to any stakeholders. For example, one firm discovered it could recruit women more effectively simply by increasing the length of the interview time from 30 minutes to 45 minutes, which gave female candidates just a little bit more time to â€Å"bond† with their middle-aged male interviewers. Another firm reversed its high turnover rate for female middle managers by bringing more discipline to meetings, ensuring that meetings started and ended on time.This would be a change that freed all employees from the need to be available 15 hours per day. I personally think both strategies are very effective because at least these firms are putting in the effort to make a difference through the gender roles fairness in the workplace. Roos, P. A. (1981). Sex stratification in the workplace: Male-Female differences in economic returns to occupation. Social Science Research, 10(3), 195-224. The study causes the idea that there is a large earning gap between men and women.Ge nder differences in earning are important because it focuses on the gender-based inequalities of power at the workplace. The author of the study used a literature review to explain the gender gap in earning, and it showed that sex segregated characteristics still remain at the occupational level. It shows that women work at low paying jobs and they are less likely to use authority in those jobs. The main reason why there are gender differences in earnings is the belief of human capital theory, and it has a huge concern with the supply side of the market.The researcher used a non-institutionalized English speaking population to explain the data for gender influenced gap in earning. The sample included 959 men and 670 women. The results showed that women are paid low wages, and are in positions of low responsibility. Even when a women reaches a higher level job, their earning is much lower than that of men. The results also show that women’s low income is mainly because of thei r job characteristics, in that men and women are distributed differently across jobs.Men earn more than women, mainly because women are not considered employers. The study demonstrated that the characteristics of the workers create inequality at the workplace; this is also a reason for why there is a large gap in earning between genders. Human capital theory discourages women from working and it presents women as low rent employees. They have less understanding of the mean of production. The characteristics of this research show improvement in the earnings of men and women. Yuping Zhang and Emily Hannum and Meiyan Wang. Gender-Based Employment and Income Differences in Urban China: Considering the Contributions of Marriage and Parenthood. † Social Forces 86. 4 (2008): 156-159. Web. 2 April 2010. This article is based on the income differences and job opportunities of workers in urban China between men and women and why these differences exist. These authors argue that married women and parents receive the biggest disadvantage amongst female workers in China due to their lack of capital regarding education, energy and financially.These particular women are not able to make as many social connections as men do due to their role in the household and so they are at a great disadvantage. In China’s market it is essential to have these kinds of social connections. It is a capitalistic society where everyone is out for his or herself and so people must use other people to get what they want. If these connections are not present then these urban female workers will not be able to make nearly as much progress and therefore will be much less successful.It is these expectations that cheapen the women and set them at a great disadvantage if they ever plan on having a family and household to upkeep. This lack of opportunity in the article is summarized as a disadvantage of ‘time use’ due to being a wife and having children in comparison to those w ho do not. However, if a woman were to decide that she didn’t want a family and wanted to primarily focus on her work this would be frowned upon in society, due to how valued the dynamic of family is in China.

All Men Created Equal Essay - 1091 Words

All Men Created Equal America has undergone incredible hardships as a nation. No issue has had more impact on the development of the American definition of freedom than the issue of slavery. Did the Constitution specify which men were created equal? Surprisingly enough the phrase quot;all men are created equal with certain inalienable rightsquot; did not mean what it does today. The nation was divided on the issue of slavery and the rights of the black man in its early stages as a growing republic. Abraham Lincoln was a brave pioneer who dared to rub his hand against the grain of slavery bringing the original ideals of Americas founders to a new light. He was a man who felt he was witnessing a slow decay in the foundation of the†¦show more content†¦They did not mean to say all were equal in color, size, intellect, moral developments, or social capacity.quot; This statement was perfectly logical. The Declaration goes on to state that the quot;inalienable rightsquot; that human beings have are the rights to quot;life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.quot; This was the idea which Abraham believed was the quot;standard maxim for free society.quot; Abraham even used a parallel from the Bible. quot;As your Father in Heaven is perfect, be ye also perfect.quot; This quote from Matthew 5:48 was used to illustrate that God had set an impossible goal for us to attain, and in the same way the framers of the Constitution and writers of the Declaration of Independence gave mankind an endeavor to give equality to all mankind. Douglas argued that the writers only meant to give the British citizens in America equal rights to the British citizens then residing in Great Britain. Douglas argument for this hypothesis was: quot;they [the writers] referred to the white race alone, and not to the African, when they declared all men to have been created equalquot; It was terribly wrong because ‘white did not necessarily mean British. Where did this statement leave white immigrants from Germany and France who were not necessarily ‘British? The Declaration was not meant as a mere statement of liberation from Britain but as the basis of aShow MoreRelatedAll Men Are Created Equal1313 Words   |  6 Pagesthe principal of â€Å"all men are created equal†, would discriminate against women. In today’s society, the traditional roles, values, and thoughts placed upon women from prehistoric times still play a central part in the inequality women face every day. The day I no longer have to worry about what I’m wearing will label me as a â€Å"slut,† is the day that women will be thought of as more than just sexual objects. 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The government has always had someRead Moreâ€Å"One Friday Morning† by Langston Hughes 834 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"One Friday Morning† by Langston Hughes Racism and discrimination in general are things that are sadly practically inevitable. It is very unlikely that you ever will be able to find a society with no discrimination at all. Langston Hughes, who is an African-American writer, shows this in his short story â€Å"One Friday Morning†. Langston Hughes sheds light upon things like: The American Dream, equality and The Declaration of Independence. The story is written in the 1950’s which is at the same timeRead MoreAll Men Are Created Equal - Summary Essay1109 Words   |  5 PagesDante’ Lipscomb Professor Hinds English 1113 December 7, 2010 â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal†. This is a precedent that was established centuries ago to tell the people of its time that there is no man lesser than another. It was set and meant to last for a very long time. Thomas Jefferson was the one who made the phrase famous, but it was his great friend Philip Mazzei who first used the saying through a letter written to Jefferson called â€Å"JointRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence, All Men Are Created Equal1442 Words   |  6 PagesThe Declaration of Independence states â€Å"all men are created equal.† However, that concept does not contribute to Fredrick Douglass and Red Jacket, who represent two different cultures with a similar dilemma. Both argue the hypocrisy of the document, that only applies to a certain population of the United States of America. In addition, Douglass and Red Jacket are defending their beliefs among the injustices that they have came across with the â€Å"whites†. Even though Red Jacket is speaking up among